"Working with Monk brought me close to a musical architect of the highest order. I felt I learned from him in every way: through the senses, theoretically, technically. I would talk to Monk about musical problems, and he would sit at the piano and show me the answers just by playing them. I could watch him play and find out the things I wanted to know. Also, I could see a lot of things that I didn't know about at all." - John Coltrane
Pioneers of jazz guitar
"Regardless of what you play, the biggest thing is keeping the feel going." - Wes Montgomery
The guitar, today the dominant instrument in pop and rock music, was actually a minor force in jazz until the late 1920s. In the New Orleans jazz bands before 1930, the banjo was actually preferred over the guitar due to its louder volume. It was not until the rise of Eddie Lang that jazz had its first guitarist of real prominence.
Known for his purity of tone, graceful swinging phrases, and sophisticated chord voicings, Lang often teamed up with many musicians including violonist Joe Venuti, fellow guitarists Lonnie Johnson and Carl Cress, and blues singers such as Bessie Smith.
With the development of the electric microphone and the subsequent vast improvement in recording techniques, the acoustic guitar almost completely replaced the banjo in jazz by the early 1930s. But the guitar, which became a part of nearly every swing band of the decade, was still primarily used as a rhythmic background instrument. Carl Cress, Dick McDonough, and George Van Eps extended the legacy of Eddie Lang, developing their own chordal approaches, but solo opportunities were still rare. More typical were the roles of Allan Reuss with Benny Goodman's big band and Freddie Green with the Count Basie Orchestra as important, though barely audible, members of the rhythm section who provided an airy, elastic foundation for the driving & beat of these influential bands of the swing era.
The Belgian gypsy Django Reinhardt, with the Quintet of the Hot Club of France, was among the very first in jazz to play the guitar primarily as a solo instrument, a role formerly reserved for horn players and pianists. It greatly helped that Django performed not with a big band, but alongside violinist Stephane Grappelli, with the support of two rhythm guitars and a bass - there was necer any problem hearing him in that setting! Reinhardt's solos were brilliantly constructed and synthesized the two elements of single-string leads and chord solos. But it was the advent of the electrical guitar in the late 1930s that really brought the instrument into the solo spotlight. And though there were others before him, it was Charlie Christian who was the first master of the electric guitar. Featured throughout most of his all-too-brief career with the Benny Goodman Sextet, Christian, with his clean lines, natural swing, and logical ideas, allowed him to hold his own with the likes of Goodman, Lionel Hampton, and Cootie Williams. Charlie Christian's solos, which bridged the gap between swing and bop, became so influential that it would be twenty years before jazz guitar advanced much beyond his style. Though Christian was the primary influence on guitarists during the 1940s and '50s, others musicians with individual conceptions of their own emerged: George Barnes played both jazz and blues on electric guitar in what would formely have been acoustic settings, and Barney Kessel - who in the mid '40s performed with both swing big bands and bop combos - was sometimes thought of as the "new Charlie Christian". Kessel, Jimmy Raney, Tal Farlow, Herb Ellis, and Kenny Burrell all led small group recording sessions in the 1950s an unheard-of situation prior to Christian. In addition, Les Paul's recordings showed the enormous commercial potential of the electric guitar sound.
And yet, the acoustic guitar did not completely disappear. By the 1950s the guitar (both electric and acoustic) had become widely accepted in the studio. Laurindo Almeida, with Stan Kenton's Orchestra proved that a classical guitar could fit in a jazz setting and, as the 1960s began, Charlie Byrd, along with tenor-saxophonist Stan Getz, combined elements of Brazilian music with jazz to form bossa nova.
In the early 1960s Wes Montgomery amazed listeners with his rapid, swinging octaves, while Grant Green excelled in both straight-ahead bop and funkier jazz. By the end of the decade, George Benson became the last major exponent of the Christian sound, adding his own personality to a combination of Montgomery and Christian.
(Easy jazz riffs for guitar by Jimmy Stewart)
A guitarra, hoje o instrumento dominante na música pop e rock, era na verdade uma pequena força no jazz até o final da década de 20. Nas bandas de jazz de Nova Orleans antes de 1930, o banjo era realmente preferido sobre a guitarra, devido ao seu alto volume. Não foi até a ascensão de Eddie Lang que o jazz teve seu primeiro guitarrista de real destaque. Conhecido por sua pureza de tom, graciosas frases balançadas, e sofisticadas vozes de acordes, Lang se uniu a muitos músicos, incluindo o violonista Joe Venuti, companheiros guitarristas Lonnie Johnson e Carl Cress e cantoras de blues como Bessie Smith.
Com o desenvolvimento do microfone elétrico e a subsequente vasta melhoria em técnicas de gravação, o violão acústico quase completamente substituiu o banjo no Jazz no começo da década de 30. Mas a guitarra, que se tornou uma parte importante de quase todas as bandas de swing da década, ainda era usada principalmente como um instrumento de cunho rítmico. Carl Cress, Dick McDonough, e George Van Eps extenderam o legado de Eddie Lang, desenvolvendo as suas próprias abordagens de acordes, mas as oportunidades de solar ainda eram raras. Mais típicos foram os papéis de Allan Reuss com a big band de Benny Goodman e Freddie Green com a Orquestra de Count Basie tão importantes, embora quase inaudíveis, os membros da secção rítmica que forneciam uma arejada, e elástica fundação para a condução e batida dessas bandas influentes da era do swing.
O belga cigano Django Reinhardt, com o Quinteto do Hot Club de France, figura entre os primeiros no jazz a tocar violão principalmente como um instrumento solo, um papel anteriormente reservado para os tocadores de sopros e pianistas. Ajudou bastante o fato de que Django tocava não com uma big band, mas ao lado do violinista Stephane Grappelli, com o apoio de duas guitarras rítmicas e um baixo - não havia qualquer problema em ouví-lo naquele cenário! Os solos de Reinhardt foram brilhantemente construídos e sintetizaram os dois elementos: de seqüências em uma única corda e solos de acordes. Mas foi o advento da guitarra elétrica no final da década de 30, que realmente trouxe o instrumento para a ribalta de destaque. E apesar de ter havido outros antes dele, foi Charlie Christian, o primeiro mestre da guitarra elétrica. Destacado durante a maior parte de sua breve carreira com o Sexteto de Benny Goodman, Christian, com suas frases limpas, balanço natural, e idéias lógicas, permitiu-lhe realizar o seu estilo próprio com os parceiros de Goodman, Lionel Hampton, e Cootie Williams. Os solos de Charlie Christian, que preencheu a lacuna entre o swing e o bop, tornaram-se tão influentes que seriam precisos 20 anos antes da guitarra jazz avançar muito além de seu estilo. Embora Christian tenha sido a principal influência sobre os guitarristas durante os anos 40 e 50, outros músicos com concepções próprias individuais surgiram: George Barnes tocou jazz e blues na guitarra no que seriam outrora ambientes acústicos, e Barney Kessel - que em meados dos anos 40 tocou tanto com grandes bandas de swing, quanto em combos de bebop - foi por vezes considerado como o "novo Charlie Christian". Kessel, Jimmy Raney, Tal Farlow, Herb Ellis e Kenny Burrell, todos esses lideraram sessões de gravação de grupos pequenos na década de 50, uma situação inédita anterior à Christian. Além disso, as gravações de Les Paul mostraram o enorme potencial comercial do som da guitarra elétrica.
E ainda, o violão não desapareceu completamente. Na década de 50 o violão (tanto elétrico quanto acústico) tinha se tornado amplamente aceito em estúdios de gravação. Laurindo Almeida, com a Orquestra de Stan Kenton provou que um violão clássico poderia caber num contexto de jazz e, assim que a década de 60 começou, Charlie Byrd, junto com o saxofonista tenor Stan Getz, combinaram elementos da música brasileira com o jazz formando a bossa nova.
No início dos anos 60, Wes Montgomery maravilhou os ouvintes com suas oitavas rápidas e swingadas, enquanto que Grant Green se destacou tanto na linha dura do bop quanto no jazz mais funkeado. No final dessa década, George Benson tornou-se o último grande expoente do som de Charlie Christian, acrescentando a sua própria personalidade a uma combinação de Montgomery e Christian.
(Riffs fáceis de jazz para guitarra por Jimmy Stewart)
http://www.ebookee.net/Jazz-Riffs-for-Guitar-by-Yoichi-Arakawa_815302.html
Posted by
Augusto Senna